毕业设计我帮你

微控制器
在过去几十年的发展中，我国的数字电子技术紧跟国际前沿技术，以惊人的速度在发展，就如同我国的经济一样。随着各类品种的微电子和数字处理产品涌入我国市场，对于越来越多的学生和年轻工程师，开始理解最典型和最广泛的微控制器原理及应用，同时学习和掌握快速发展的科学技术，不仅是一种强烈的兴趣，而且也成为一个紧迫的任务。
1.简介
单片数字处理器系列
单片集成的小型数字处理器，在我国习惯上称为“单片机”，而其真实的名称叫做单片微控制器，属于单片集成的小型数字处理器件中的一类，又称单片数字处理器。这一系列包含各种单片数字处理器，比如DSP（数字信号处理器），FPGA（现场可编程门阵列），单片微控制器等等。本节将简单介绍该系列主要成员。
数字信号处理器可以以极快的速度处理大量的数字信号，因为它充分利用了DSP的硬件特性，用并行的方式实现了生产商提供的数学算法。
现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）是经过设计者和用户组织，使很多门阵列一起工作，而且能够在现场编程，称为“在线编程”。
计算机数字信号处理器是特别为计算机设计的，尤其是个人计算机，使其能够起到如大脑和心脏一样的作用，拥有强大和多维的计算能力，能够实现数字逻辑运算，否则，它是由很多辅助单元构成的组合体而已。
单片微控制器-上文提到的单片数字信号处理器中典型的一种，涉及到几乎计算机处理器的所有功能及特性，更进一步说，它们拥有强大的多维通信和协作能力，同时具有独立工作和单输入输出操作能力，能够用于控制外部设备。
有一点值得关注，那就是一个微控制器就如同一个微型计算机系统一样，可以做算术计算，逻辑操作，数据存储和传输等操作，并且能够像一个工业控制计算机一样独立工作，可以以串口或并口的方式收发数据，可以将数字信号转换为模拟信号或者反之，它可以作为一个控制器实行操作。微控制器就是上文所提到的各种典型的数字信号处理设备。
当前更多被提到的新型控制器—DSP嵌入式微控制器，是由DSP和微控制器组合而来的，正被大量地投入市场。这种器件不仅拥有DSP强大的高速计算能力而且具有与外部通信的接口部件，非常符合当代科学技术应用的需要。此外，被开发的形式广泛采用计算机处理器，就如同人脑处理信号一样的智能芯片（已经在包括中国北京大学微电子实验室在内的多家实验室生产出来）。光学CPU根据物理光学原理研制出来，和正常的并行处理器的数字信号处理都工作在高速方式。
 微处理器的应用
微处理器被广泛地应用在现代科学与技术的各个领域，在工业应用中的各个领域，目前微观领域的开发技术已经在世界上获得了成功，北京大学这方面的化学技术也取得很大进步。
这一部分介绍一些微处理器方面的应用例子，具体如下所示。
例1 卫星应用
 在中国国家天文观测的太阳能观测卫星中，大概安装有300个微处理DSP系统，这些微处理DSP被用来控制系统观测设备，卫星通信，还有图像转换等数字信号处理等。应用在卫星系统中的数字处理系统有很多特性，比如太阳能电池作为自己的能源供给电源，并且有能力阻止宇宙辐射和RAID温度变化的影响等。
例2 医学图像应用
在医学图像中的应用，比如眼底部图片的检测，内部安装有一个设计用于图像预处理和临时存储及传输的微处理DSP。然后，图像数据会被微处理器传送到PC机，然后保存到PC机的硬盘中去，当需要的时候，存储的数据将会转换为图像显示到PC机的屏幕上。
例3   军事应用
在采矿设备中安装有一个微控制器系统，该设计是将反射回的无线电波信号转换为数字信号，通过模式识别算法都可识别矿石是否存在地面下，不论矿石有多深，还是属于何种矿种。
例4 移动电话应用
在移动电话中使用的微控制器DSP系统，为的是将来自用户的声音转换为音频信号以用来处理和存储，并且将数字信号转换为无线电波信号，然后发送到电话服务中心。
例5 环保系统应用
在一个环保系统中有很多分站被设置在传感器和高级系统之间，组成分站的是一个智能系统，实际上就是一个微处理器系统。一个微控制器系统由微控制器、调制解调器、AD转换器、一个RS232的TTL或CMOS电平转换器组成。这样包含环境信息的外界的物理值能够被采集到。传感器将外界信号转换，并把模拟的信息传送到ＡＤ转换器。AD转换器将模拟信号转换为数字信号，然后把数字信号发送给微处理器。微处理器将接收到的数字信号进行预处理，然后保存到存储器中。当高级系统通过RS232转换器和调制解调器与分站联系时，微处理器从存储器中取出数据，然后把数据用电话线通过调制解调器和RS232转换器传送到高级系统中的ＰＣ机中。这时，CMOS／RS232转换器将CMOS电平的协议转换为RS232电平的协议。
微处理器特性
例6  80C51系列
哈佛计算机结构，COMS芯片技术，高的工作速度，微容量和低功耗。节能设计的分开的正常模式和省电模式。
电路的外部内部扩展，串行总线，如集成电路，甚至更强大的网络系统总线见的设备通信。
外部接口功能部件比如AD转换器，PCA，WD，高速IO接口和输入捕捉和输出比较器。
微处理器的开发历史
1970年，第一片微型计算器被成功生产。
1970年和1971年，在以4004为代表的4位微处理器之后，8位微处理器，典型代表为8008，在美国英特尔生产出来。他们是非常小的体积，具有丰富的功能，发挥了基本微机的作用，使他们广泛的应用。在这个时候，微机产业的基金会建立，成为一个重要的发展开始。
1971年到1990年，第四代微机一个一个地来到世界。他们被开发的如此之快并被应用到现代工业、科学和技术的各个领域。现在，有50个以上微机系统和数百个微型单芯片。很多公司生产了很多不同种类的微型计算机，比如：
日立公司：H8/300和H8/600，新型的8位数据处理结构和C语言软件编程功能：10M的CPU工作频率，为加减和乘除设计的16位内存单元，16M的地址访问空间。
Microchip：PIC单片机有8位寄存器组，使用精简的指令系统，有利于高速处理和编程，可以深入到处理器内部进行最优系统设计。
Motorola：HCO微处理控制器的新成员，拥有8位CPU，8KB RAM,304KB ROM,8个外设扫描总线，8条内部运行扫描总线，8位的电源监测和电池监测。
Intel：MCS96-C196拥有16位CPU，4-8通道，内部10位AD转换器，内部看门狗电路，高速IO口和64KB的ROM存储空间。
微处理器的进展
自从大约20年前，微控制器在发展的历史中，已经在不同的角度取得惊人进展。我们可以看到如下的历史进展：
降低芯片的体积。
降低芯片工作功耗。
增强抗外部干扰能力。
简化了对电源的要求，从而扩大了微处理器的可工作电压范围。
扩大内部和外部数据程序存储空间。
提高工作频率，得到高运算速度和计算方法。
提高芯片集成度，集成大量外部功能模块等。
内部结构的进步
内部集成的功能模块包括定时器/计数器、比较器、A/D转换器、串口通信接口、看门狗电路和显示控制器等。一些芯片，比如C505C、C515C、C167CR、C167CS-32FM、英特尔的81C90和摩托罗拉的68HC08AZ，内部安装有用于系统网络控制和建立本地网络的系统。一些芯片，比如日本Jujitsu的MB89850-60，摩托罗拉的MC68HC08MR-16或20，拥有专用于频率变换控制的PWM控制电路。一些属于16位或32位DSP类型的芯片的功能非常突出，可以在60MHz下工作，远远超出正常芯片的工作速度，比如英飞凌的TC10GP，摩托罗拉的DSP56800，日立的SH7410和SH7612，已经进入3核结构，建立在片上系统概念，它由四个核心组成：微控制器和DSP核心，数据和程序存储器的核心和特别周边集成电路的核心。因此，他们拥有强大的功能，能够实现高速特别操作，如FTT算法。
1、降低能耗的进展
微控制器通过降低功耗可以实现更多的工作，比如等待，暂停，休眠，脱离接触，功耗降低，等等。飞利浦的P87LPC762应该是小工作电流典型例子，脱离状态电流为1.5mA，而低功耗模式下电流可以降低到0.5mA。最突出的是TI公司的MSP430，拥有三种工作状态，分别被标记为LPM1、LPM3和LPM4；在LPM状态下工作电流仅有50uA；在LPM3状态下32KHZ工作频率的工作电流只有1.3uA;在LPM4的状态下，CPU暂停，工作电流只有0.1uA。
2、封装形式的进展
自从薄芯片的封装设计技术开发出来，芯片的封装技术进行了改进，我们能够看到一个小CPU可以封装在只有1mm厚5mm*5mm大的空间里。
为了能够满足微封装的设计要求，许多结构非常简单的芯片被生产，例如微集成电路8脚的PIC12XXX系列，拥有仅有0.5-2KB的程序存储空间和25-128B的数据存储空间，6个IO口和一个定时器。
3、生产技术的进展
基本上，所有现代微型控制器均采用CMOS材料结构。他们的沟道尺寸可以降低到0.6mm，一些公司如摩托罗拉可以达到0.35um，甚至达到0.25um，这样可以将内部密度和可靠性提高。

外文翻译
英文翻译
Microcontrollers
In the past decade the development of digital electrical technology in china closely followed the international step with a surprisingly high speed just like its economy increase .Variety of microelectronic and digital-processing products streamed into the market of china .studying and mastering the rapidly developed technology ,starting with understanding the principle and applications of the most typical and widely used microcontrollers has become not only a strong interest ,but also an urgent task for more and more students and young engineers.
Chapter 1 Introduction.
1.1 The family of single chip digital processing devices
The small digital processor made in a single chip ,which is customarily call “single chip machine “in china ,actually has the true name ,single chip microcontroller belongs to a large family of small digital processing devices made in single chip ,or called single chip digital processor . This family contains a variety of single chip digital processors ,such as “DSP”(digital signal processor ) , “FPGA”( field programmable gate array ) ,single chip microcontroller , and so on .A simple description of the major members is given in this section .
Digital signal processor, which processes a mass of digital signals in batches at very high speed, working in parallel method in some key step of its own operation by using its own mathematic algorithms provided by manufactures taking advantage of the hardware features of DSP.
Field programmable gate array (FPGA), which consists of a set of gate-elements working together organized by user or designer, and be programmed in the working field, namely “on-line”.
Processor of computer-digital signal processor which is specially designed for the computer ,especially for the PC ,to play the role as a brain and heart of them ,having very strong and multidimensional functions ,surrounding the mathematic and logical operation ,but less independency and connection ability than the microcontroller ,unless it is set in a combination consisting of a lot of assistant elements .
Single chip microcontroller –A most typical type of single chip digital single processors ,as mentioned above , involving almost all functions and features of computer processor .furthermore ,they have very strong and multidimensional communication and “association” abilities ,leasing to the ability of in dependent operation and signal-input /output operations ,and ability to control the environment equipments .
It is worthy to pay attention to that a microcontroller plays a role like a micro-computer system which have full abilities such as arithmetic calculation ,logical operation ,data storage and transmission ,etc ,and also can work independently like an industrial control computer–it can send out or receive data signals in serial or parallel form ,and convert the signals form digital form into analog form or in reverse ,it can operate on an external system like a controller .so the microcontrollers are most typical digital signal processing equipments of the family mentioned above .
More considerable is that currently some new types of microcontrollers –DSP-embedded microcontrollers ,coming form the combination of DSP and microcontroller , are put into technical market .this class of devices with dual-feature not only can perform very strong mathematic functions at high operation speed like the original DSP ,but also have the interface ability of communication with outside world . these features satisfy the requirements of modern science and technology .besides , being developed form the generally used computer processor ,the neuron-chip processors which process the signals in the of artificial neuron like human-brain(had been manufactured in laboratory including the micro electronic laboratory of Beijing university ,china ),the optical-CPU which operates on signals according to physic-optical principle ,and the normal parallel CPU which processes digital signals in parallel fashion at high speed ,are also becoming well known ,and the microprocessor of computer is developed in a very radical direction –some reconstruct able processor are provided for the world ,the “ reconstruct table processor “ mean a kind of generally used processors ,in a single chip can be arbitrarily organized into a lot of different types of microprocessors of computers by the user using a friendly platform show on the computer screen.
1.2 The  Application Examples Of Microcontrollers
The microcontrollers are widely used into the fields of the rage of modern science and technology with the dimensions so large as an industrial production field of a few thousands of a few cube millimeters ,so far as a worldwide communication of the a few micro-distant ( nanometer or so approximate as an organization measure system or in the micro-distant ( nanometer level ) technology which had been developed successfully in  the word ,and in the laboratory of Beijing university of chemical technology as well .
In this section some application examples are to be described, which are listed as below.
 Example 1 Usage in satellite
In the solar-observe satellite investigated by Chinese national astronomy absovertory, about 300 microcontroller-DSP systems are installed ,which are used for controlling the observing equipment operating ,communication ,DSP operating such as graphics-digit converting and compressing .etc. the digital processing system used in the satellite has the considerable features ,such as solar batteries as its own power supply ,having ability to prevented themselves form universe radiation and raid temperature variations ,and so on .
Example 2Usage in medical camera
In the medical camera ,such as the one used for eye-bottom-picture talking ,a microcontroller-DSP system is installed ,which is designed for graphic-data pre-treatment ,temporary -storage and transmission .then ,the graphic-data will be by the microcontroller to the PC through communication technology and stored into the hard disk of PC ,and when needed ,the data will be converted into graph and displayed on the screen of PC
Example 3 Usage in battle
In The mine- detecting equipment a microcontroller system is installed ,which is designed for converting the reflected radio-wave signal into digital signal , performing a pattern recognition algorithm to recognize if a mine is set under ground ,how deeply it were set ,what type it belongs to ,and so on .
Example 4 Usage in mobile telephones
In the mobile telephone used by the people a microcontroller-DSP system must be for converting the sound-frequency signal, received from the user into digital signal to be treated and store, and converting the digital signal into radio-wave signal to be sent out to the special telephone service centre.
Example 5 usage in environmental protection system
In an environmental protection system there are a lot of sub-stations set between the sensors and supervisory offices. The sub-station consists of an intelligent instrument which, in fact, is a microcontroller system. The microcontroller system is combined of a microcontroller, a Modem, an A/D converter and a TTL or CMOS/RS-232voltage level converter. The physical value, carrying the environment information, is received. Conditioned, and driven by the sensor, and then the sensor transmits it, in an analog signal form, to the A/D converts. The A/D converter converts the analog signal into digital signal, and then sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives the digital signal, performs a pre-treatment on it and then stores it into a memory .Once a supervisory office calls the sub-station through the line with Modem and CMOS/RS-232 converter ,the microcontroller takes the data from the memory, sends them to the telephone line through the Modem and COMS/RS-232converter, and then into the PC of supervisory office .During this time, the COMS/RS-232converter converts the signal level of COMS protocol into the one of RS-232 protocol.
1.3 Features of Currently Used Microcontrollers
Example 6 80c51 series   
Harvard computer structure, CMOS chips technology, high working speed, micro volume and low power consumption.
Disengaged power mode and power-down mode designed for power saving.
Circuit extension for external internal, serial bus such as IC and even powerful network-system-bus for inter-equipment–communication.
External-interface functional elements such as A/D converter, PCA, WD, high speed I/O interface and catch /comparison logical of counter.
 1.4 Development History Of Microcontrollers
1970, the first set of microcomputer was successfully manufactured.
1970and 1971, following the 4bit single chips, type 4004, the 8 bits single chips and type 8008 were produced by Intel of USA. They are of very small volume, having prolific functions, playing a role as the basic of microcomputers so that they were widely applied.  At this time, the foundation of microcomputer production was set up and an important development phase started.  
1971 to 1990, four generations of microcomputer types came to the world one by one. They were developed so rapidly and had been applied into almost all fields of modern industry, science and technology. Now, there are more than fifty systems and hundreds of type of the “micro single chips”. A lot of companies have produced different types of microcomputers, such as:
Hitachi :H8/300 and H8/600,a new pattern of 8-bit type using high level language C for software programming with the features: 10 MHz CPU working frequency, 16-bit memory unit for addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, and 16 MB address access space.
Microchip: PIC, which has 8-bit registers, using reduced instruction system-easy for high-speed processing and programming and can be deeply touched to the basic level for optimal design.
Motorola: new members of HCO system-micro power controller with 8-bit CPU, 8 KB ROM, 304 KB RAM,  8 environment equipment scanning lines, 8internal operation scanning lines, 8-bit power monitors and battery monitor.
Intel: MCS96-C196 with 16-bit CPU, 4~8 channels, internal A/D of 10-bit resolution, internal Watchdog, high speed I/O and a ROM with 64 KB space.
1.5 Progresses Of Microcontrollers Along With Their Development Tracks
Since about 20 years ago, the microcontrollers have obtained astonishing progresses according to different viewpoints during their development history. These progresses have been seen in:
Reducing the volumes of the chips.
Reducing the energy consumption.
Building the ability of resisting external disturbances.
Simplifying the power supply requirements and expanding the acceptable range of working voltages.  
Enlarging the internal and controllable external data and program storage spaces.
Raising the working frequency leading to high operation speed and calculation resolutions.
Boosting the integration degree leading to abundance of internal and peripheral function blocks, and so on.
Some of them would be considerable and needed to note especially.
1.6 Progresses in internal structures
The internally integrated function blocks include timer/counter. Comparator, A/D converter, serial communication interface, watchdog circuit, display controller, and so on. Some chips, e.g. C505C, C515C C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90 of Intel and 68HC08AZ of Motorola, have internal installed system for structuring control network or establishing local network. Some chips, such as MB89850-60 of Jujitsu, MC68HC08MR-16 or 24 of Motorola, have internally installed pulse-wide conditioning control circuits designed specially for frequency variation control. It is so conspicuous that some chips, belonging to 16-bit or 32-bit DSP types with the working frequency of 60 MHz which exceed the normal single chip’s working speed level, such as TC10GP of In fine on, DSP56800 of Motorola, SH7410 and SH7612 of Hitachi, already went into the 3-core structures, basing on the “system-on-chip” concept, which consist of four cores: microcontroller and DSP core, data and program memory core and special periphery integrated circuit core. Thus they possess the tremendous functions such as high speed special operations, e.g. FFT.
1. Progresses in optimizing energy consumption
Reducing energy consumption of microcontroller are realized by providing more working fashions than before, e. g. waiting, pause, sleep, disengagement, power reduction, and so on. The P87LPC762 of Philips should be a good example for small working current, 1.5 mA of disengagement sate, but it can fall down to 0.5 mA when staying in energy saving state. Most breathtaking is that the MSP430 of TI, having three working states, marked as LPM1, LPM3 and LPM4, at energy saving state using only as working power; at LPM1 state with using 50 mA as working current; at LPM3 state with 32 Hz vibrator frequency using 1.3 mA as working current; at LPM4 state with stopping CPU, periphery system, and VIBRATOR USING ONLY 0.1 mA as working current.
2. Progress in package fashions
The package technology has been improved largely since the thin-chip technique was developed. One can see that a single chip microcontroller would be made so small as a piece of plastic under 1 mm in thickness and 5 X mm(2) in area.
To meet the requirement of micro-type packing, many single chips are produced in very simple structures, such as the 8-leg PIC12XXX series of Microchip, having only 0.5~2KB of program memory space and only 25~128 B of program memory space and only 25~128 B of data memory space, 6 I/O ports and 1 timer.
3. Progress in manufacture technology
Basically, all modern microcontrollers are manufactured with CMOS material structure. Their sizes can be reduced down to 0.6 mm, some companies such as Motorola reach the size of 0.35 mm, and even 0.25 mm, so that the internal densities and reliability are largely improved.
4. Progress in the new structure system
A distinct progress of single chip microcontrollers can be seen in the embeddable system with centered microcontroller-this system can be embedded into arbitral micro equipments and elements. At present, connecting the embeddable single-chip system with Internet is being formed into a trend. This technique consists of three major parts:
EmNicro-a very small network server designed as an internally embedded equipment with only 1 KB memory.
EmGateway-a user server of strong function, used to manage several embedded equipments by using standard Internet communication inputs supported by network browser.
Network browser-a device designed for display and data translation between embedded equipments.
A new problem, which is being solved, is how to realize interconnections between the embedded products and networks. A method being developed is to integrate the needed package and related software to form an integrated development environment for users.
5. Progress in voltage requirement of power supply
Extending the ranges and bringing down the levels of working voltages is still the present development object of microcontrollers. Generally, most chips used presently can work at the conditions of 3.3~5.5VDC of working power. Some chip, such as the MB89191 -89195, MB89121-125A and MB89130 series of Fujitsu, can work at 2.2~6 VDC. Most of F2MC-8L type series suit the working conditions of 2.2~6VDC. The working power of MSP430X11X series is as low as 2.2 VDC.