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MCU
The microcontroller is an integrated circuit chip , is the use of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology with the data processing capabilities of the central processing unit CPUrandom access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM , a variety of I/O port and interrupt system , the timer / timer function (which may also include a display drive circuit, the pulse width modulation circuit, the analog multiplexer converter , A/D  converter circuit) integrated into a small piece of silicon is formed on the micro-computer system , in the field of industrial control widely used. From the 1980s, by the time the 4-bit, 8-bit microcontroller , to today's 32-bit 300M high-speed microcontroller. Referred to as the microcontroller chip microcomputer a typical embedded microcontroller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the abbreviation MCU microcontroller, microcontroller, also known as single-chip microcontroller , it is not done a certain logic functions chip , but a computer system integrated into a single chip. Microcontroller, the equivalent of a mini-computer (minimum system) constituted by the operator, controller, memory, input and output devices, and computer, microcontroller, the lack of a peripheral device. Generally speaking: a chip has become a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, and provide convenient conditions for learning, application and development. At the same time, learning to use the microcontroller is the best choice for the understanding of computer principle and structure. It was first used in the field of industrial control.
Dedicated processor chip microcontroller CPU-only single-chip widely used in the field of industrial control, evolved. The earliest design philosophy is by a large number of peripheral devices and the CPU are integrated in a chip , so that the computer system is smaller, easier to integrate into the complexity and volume requirements strict control apparatus which.
INTEL 8080 is the first processor designed in accordance with this idea, and then are 8-bit or 4-bit microcontroller . One of the most successful INTEL 8031 and thereafter in 8031on the development of MCS-51 series single-chip system. Simple and reliable and good performance received a lot of praise. 2000 ARM has developed a 32-bit clocked at more than 300Mhigh-end single-chip , based on the 8031 microcontroller is still widely used until now . In many ways a more than a dedicated processor suitable for embedded systems , so it has been widely used. In fact, the microcontroller is the world's largest number of processors , parted ways with the development and growth of the microcontroller family, and dedicated single-chip processor development.
Modern human life is used in almost every member of the electronic device will be integrated with the microcontroller . Phone, telephone , calculator , household appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers, as well as mouse and other electronic products contain microcontroller . The car generally equipped with 40 multi-chip microcontroller , complexindustrial control systems, possibly even hundreds of single chip at the same time! The number of single-chip not only far more than the sum of the PC and other computing even more than the number of human beings.
The MCU was born in 1971, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages, early SCM MCU are 8-bit or 4-bit. One of the most successful INTEL 8031, and thereafter in 8031 on the development of the MCS-51 series MCU system. The system microcontroller- based systems now in wide use today. With the increasing demand of the industrial control field, began a 16-bitmicrocontroller , but did not get a very wide range of applications because the cost is not ideal. 1990s with the development of consumer electronic products , single-chip technology has been a huge increase. With the Intel i960 series later, the extensive application of the ARM family of 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace the 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market.
The traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has also been a rapid increase in processing power hundreds of times higher compared to the 1980s. High-end 32-bit SoC microcontrollerclocked at more than 300MHz, the performance is catching up with a dedicated processor in the mid-1990s , the ordinary model prices drop to $ 1, the most high-end model is only $ 10.
Contemporary single-chip system is no longer only in the development and use of bare-metal environment, a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. As PDAs and mobile phones core processing high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems .
That chip microcomputer SCM (Single Chip microcomputer) stage, mainly to seek the best monolithic form of embedded systems architecture . "Innovation model" to be successful, laid a completely different path of development of SCM and general-purpose computer . Create a road of independent development of embedded systems , Intel denied. The microcontrollerMCU (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technological development: expanding demanding embedded applications, the object system requirements peripheral circuit and interface circuit, highlighting the intelligent control of the object. It involves areas associated with the object system, so the important task of the development of the MCU will inevitably fall on electrical and electronic technology manufacturers. From this perspective, Intel gradually fade out its objective factors for the development of the MCU. When the number of Philips, the most famous manufacturers in the development of MCU.
Philips for its huge advantage in embedded applications, the MCS-51 single-chip microcomputer rapid development to the microcontroller . Therefore, when we look back at the road ofembedded systems development, do not forget the historical merits of Intel and Philips.
SoC embedded systems (System on Chip), the independent development of the road, an important factor in the development stage to the MCU, is seeking applications on the chip to maximize the solution, so the natural development of a dedicated single-chip SoC trend. With the development of microelectronics technology , IC design, EDA tools, single-chip SoC-based application system design will have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller can be extended from the single-chip microcomputer, single-chip microcontroller to a monolithic application systems. 1971 intel company developed the world's first a 4-bit micro- processor ; Intel Hove developed a four successful world's first microprocessor chip Intel 4004, marking the first-generation microprocessor is released, the micro- processor and the computer era began. The invention of micro- processor , Hove British"Economist" magazine as one of the "since World War II, the most influential scientists".
In November 1971, Intel introduced the MCS-4 microcomputer system (including the 4001 ROM chip , 4002 RAM chip, the 4003 shift register chip and the 4004 micro- processor   )4004 (below) contains 2300 transistor sizes 3mm x 4mm the computing performance far more than ENIAC year, initially priced at $ 200.
In April 1972, Hough et al. developed an 8-bit micro- processor Intel 8008. Since 8008 is a P-channel MOS micro- processor , and therefore remain with the first generation of microprocessors.
1973 Intel developed the 8-bit micro- processor 8080; August 1973, Hough et al. developed an 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8080, to replace the P-channel N-channel MOS circuit , the second generation microprocessor is born.
8080 chip clocked at 2MHz operation speed is 10 times faster than the 8008, access to 64KB of memory, used 6000 transistors based on 6 micron technology, processing speed0.64MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second).
In April 1975, MITS released the first general-purpose Altair 8800, priced at $ 375, with 1KB of memory. This is the world's first micro-computer.
1976 Intel developed MCS-48 series of 8-bit single-chip , which is the advent of the single-chip.
The Zilog Z80 micro- processor developed in 1976 , widely used in microcomputers and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel in the field of micro- processor tripod.
The early 1980s, Intel MCS-48 series single-chip based on the introduction of the MCS-51 series of eight high-end microcontroller. MCS-51 series single-chip either on-chip RAMcapacity , I / O port function, system expansion has been greatly improved.
SCM penetrate into all areas of life, almost difficult to find which areas no traces of the microcontroller. The the missile navigation device, aircraft instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation process real-time control and data processing, widely used in a variety of smart IC card , the security system of the civil limousine, VCR , cameras , automatic washing machine control, as well as program-controlled toys, electronic pets, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller . Not to mention the field of automatic control robots, intelligent instruments, medical equipment, as well as a variety of intelligent machinery. Therefore, the single-chip learning, development and application scientists, engineers created a number of computer applications and intelligent control.
The single-chip widely used in instruments, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control, can be divided into the following areas:
The basic theory of knowledge, including knowledge of analog circuits , digital circuits, and C language. Analog circuits and digital circuits are abstract disciplines, to have to learn it a little spirit. Before you learn microcontroller , that analog circuits and digital circuits foundation is not good, do not rush to learn microcontroller, should review the knowledge of analog circuits and digital circuits, to strengthen the foundation for learning microcontroller. Otherwise, your microcontroller learning the road will not only be very difficult and lengthy, may also fall by the wayside. I have always believed that the the solid electronic technology is the key to learn microcontroller , a direct impact on the speed of microcontroller learning portal. Some students think that the microcontroller is difficult, the more you study, the more complex, and finally can not learn anymore. Some students reading seems to understand, but a fight was a mess, the reason is that electronic technology did not play well, the first surface knowledge to the confusion.
The first step in microcontroller is a digital circuit concepts, terminology, hardware structure and principles are derived from the digital circuit, digital circuit solid foundation of complex single-chip hardware structure and principles can be easy to understand, you can easily stride learning self-confidence will build up. The contrary, the foundation is not good, this do not understand that could not understand, the more you study, the more problems, the more you study, the more confidence. If you feel that the microcontroller is difficult, microcontroller materials, it should first lay down to go back to the digital circuit , figuring out the theoretical knowledge of the flip-flops , registers, gates, COMS circuit, sequential logic and timing diagrams , binary conversion. Understand this knowledge could look at the structure and principles of the single-chip , I think you'll Taichetaiwu confidence.
Analog circuit is the most basic disciplines of electronic technology, she let you know what is the resistance, capacitors , inductors, diodes , transistors , FET amplifiers, etc., as well as how they work in the circuit, which is to learn electronic technology must master the basics. Is generally the first to learn analog circuit to go to learn digital circuits.The solid analog circuit not only let you easy to understand the circuit designed by someone else, and let you design the circuit more reliable, improve product quality.
Learning can not be separated from the programming of the microcontroller C language use in all programming is the most widely used. C language knowledge is not difficult, without any programming based on people can learn, in my opinion, junior high school students, high school students, secondary school students, college students can learn. Of course, the foundations of mathematics, logical thinking, good people relatively easy to learn. C language knowledge then the three judge sentences three loop statement , the three jump statement and a switch statement. Do not underestimate these 10 statements, with their combined to form more complex logic how complex. Learning when a statement is a statement of the school, learn one and use an all learned used these key statement, I believe your C based on.
When lay the foundation, you will feel the microcontroller is no longer difficult to learn, but the more you study, the more vigorously. When the microcontroller obediently according to your logical thinking and algorithms to carry out instructions to achieve the desired control effect, a sense of accomplishment will make you confident, night continued day and sleepless nights into the world of microcontroller. So to speak, a solid electronic technology foundation and C language based learning microcontroller can enhance confidence, rapid master microcontroller technology.
Microcontroller C language programming theoretical knowledge is not esoteric, light reading hands can understand. However, in the actual programming is not so simple. The formation of a program requires not only knowledge of the C language, the more need to integrate into your own programming ideas and algorithms. Programming ideas and algorithms to determine the pros and cons of a program, microcontroller programming, only in the actual hands-on time of writing will have a profound sentiment. Whether a program according to your wishes normal operation depends on your ideas and algorithms are correct and reasonable. If the program does not have to repeated testing (inspection, modification ideas and algorithms), until it succeeds. This process is time-consuming, the fee brain, fatigue spirit, the will is not strong, often tripped halfway here.
Learning to program the following procedure should be learning, would be better. To see routine topics first try idea of its own programming ideas, and then look at the code in the textbook or video tutorials, study the ideas of other people's programming, note the difference with their own ideas; Then you copy other people's idea of hands-write this program , comprehend each statement; doubt try to follow their own ideas to modify the program, the program runs, understand the secret. Each routine adhere to study in accordance with this process, you will soon find the feeling of the programming, its essence to its dregs, the passage of time will form a unique programming ideas. Of course, the beginning, to see other people's source code is like watching a bible, just bite the bullet and see, see that you do not know the keywords and phrases on the open book access control. As long as they can stick with it, learning gains will be much more effective. In practice, not only to learn the routines of others, but also on others in the process to improve and expand the program to produce more powerful. The same time, but also know how to read and write timing chips commands and data to check the reliability of others routine access to chip data sheet (datasheet) , if you feel that the routine is not reliable, it changes over to become your own procedures. Not only that, they should often find some projects to do, in order to consolidate what they have learned and accumulated more experience.
Hardware Design
Write your own programs come in handy program can read other people's problem, state your level of microcontroller programming is quite good. Next you should research hardware.Hardware design, including the circuit schematic and PCB board design. Learning to make hardware software trouble than learning to do, higher costs and longer cycle. However, the ultimate goal of learning microcontroller to do product development ---- software and hardware combine to form a complete control system. So, so the hardware is learning one will learn the contents of the single-chip technology.
Circuit schematic design involves the application of a variety of chips , these chip peripheral circuit design, the typical application circuit and the connection with the MCU on-chip data sheet (DATASHEET) can find the answer, the premise is to understand the English data manual. Otherwise, copy someone else's design will never fall behind the others, you do not creative. The field of electronic technology first-hand information (DATASHEET) are the English, the knowledge gained from the first-hand information in textbooks, network documentation and reading materials knowledge. Although some data are also written on the basis of the DATASHEET, but the content is not comprehensive, even in the presence of omissions and errors in the translation. Of course, read the datasheet need to have some ability to read English, which is impeding the microcontroller learners to qualify for a stumbling block. Good English reading ability allows you to roam freely in the microcontroller technical knowledge of the ocean.
中文翻译：
单片机
单片机是一种集成电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的微型计算机系统，在工业控制领域的广泛应用。从上世纪80年代，由当时的4位、8位单片机，发展到现在的32位300M的高速单片机。单片微型计算机简称单片机，是典型的嵌入式微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。单片机由运算器，控制器，存储器，输入输出设备构成，相当于一个微型的计算机（最小系统），和计算机相比，单片机缺少了外围设备等。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
由于单片机在工业控制领域的广泛应用，单片机由仅有CPU的专用处理器芯片发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的8080是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，当时的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。尽管2000年以后ARM已经发展出了32位的主频超过300M的高端单片机，直到现在基于8031的单片机还在广泛的使用。在很多方面单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了广泛的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多处理器，随着单片机家族的发展壮大，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件有电子器件的产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电子产品中都含有单片机。 汽车上一般配备40多片单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百片单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。
单片机诞生于1971年，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段，早期的SCM单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列MCU系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。高端的32位Soc单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。　
SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
SoC嵌入式系统(System on Chip）式的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决，因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SoC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SoC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。1971年intel公司研制出世界上第一个4位的微处理器；Intel公司的霍夫研制成功世界上第一块4位微处理器芯片Intel 4004，标志着第一代微处理器问世，微处理器和微机时代从此开始。因发明微处理器，霍夫被英国《经济学家》杂志列为“二战以来最有影响力的7位科学家”之一。
1971年11月，Intel推出MCS-4微型计算机系统（包括4001 ROM芯片、4002 RAM芯片、4003移位寄存器芯片和4004微处理器 ）其中4004（下图）包含2300个晶体管，尺寸规格为3mm×4mm，计算性能远远超过当年的ENIAC，最初售价为200美元。
1972年4月，霍夫等人开发出第一个8位微处理器Intel 8008。由于8008采用的是P沟道MOS微处理器，因此仍属第一代微处理器。
1973年intel公司研制出8位的微处理器8080；1973年8月，霍夫等人研制出8位微处理器Intel 8080，以N沟道MOS电路取代了P沟道，第二代微处理器就此诞生。
主频2MHz的8080芯片运算速度比8008快10倍，可存取64KB存储器，使用了基于6微米技术的6000个晶体管，处理速度为0.64MIPS（Million Instructions Per Second ）。
1975年4月，MITS发布第一个通用型Altair 8800，售价375美元，带有1KB存储器。这是世界上第一台微型计算机。
1976年intel公司研制出MCS-48系列8位的单片机，这也是单片机的问世。
Zilog公司于1976年开发的Z80微处理器，广泛用于微型计算机和工业自动控制设备。当时，Zilog、Motorola和Intel在微处理器领域三足鼎立。
20世纪80年代初，Intel公司在MCS-48系列单片机的基础上，推出了MCS-51系列8位高档单片机。MCS-51系列单片机无论是片内RAM容量，I/O口功能，系统扩展方面都有了很大的提高。
单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械以及各种智能机械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。
单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴：
基础理论知识包括模拟电路、数字电路和C语言知识。模拟电路和数字电路属于抽象学科，要把它学好还得费点精神。在你学习单片机之前，觉得模拟电路和数字电路基础不好的话，不要急着学习单片机，应该先回顾所学过的模拟电路和数字电路知识，为学习单片机加强基础。否则，你的单片机学习之路不仅会很艰难和漫长，还可能半途而废。笔者始终认为，扎实的电子技术基础是学好单片机的关键，直接影响单片机学习入门的快慢。有些同学觉得单片机很难，越学越复杂，最后学不下去了。有的同学看书时似乎明白了，可是动起手来却一塌糊涂，究其原因就是电子技术基础没有打好，首先被表面知识给困惑了。
单片机属于数字电路，其概念、术语、硬件结构和原理都源自数字电路，如果数字电路基础扎实，对复杂的单片机硬件结构和原理就能容易理解，就能轻松地迈开学习的第一步，自信心也会树立起来。相反，基础不好，这个看不懂那个也弄不明白，越学问题越多，越学越没有信心。如果你觉得单片机很难，那就应该先放下单片机教材，去重温数字电路，搞清楚触发器、寄存器、门电路、COMS电路、时序逻辑和时序图、进制转换等理论知识。理解了这些知识之后再去看看单片机的结构和原理，我想你会大彻大悟，信心倍增。
模拟电路是电子技术最基础的学科，她让你知道什么是电阻、电容、电感、二极管、三极管、场效应管、放大器等等以及它们的工作原理和在电路中的作用，这是学习电子技术必须掌握的基础知识。一般是先学习模拟电路再去学习数字电路。扎实的模拟电路基础不仅让你容易看懂别人设计的电路，而且让你的设计的电路更可靠，提高产品质量。
单片机的学习离不开编程，在所有的程序设计中C语言运用的最为广泛。C语言知识并不难，没有任何编程基础的人都可以学，在我看来，初中生、高中生、中专生、大学生都能学会。当然，数学基础好、逻辑思维好的人学起来相对轻松一些。C语言需要掌握的知识就那么3个条件判断语句、3个循环语句、3个跳转语句和1个开关语句。别小看这10个语句，用他们组合形成的逻辑要多复杂有多复杂。学习时要一条语句一条语句的学，学一条活用一条，全部学过用过这些关键语句后，相信你的C基础建立了。
当基础打好以后，你会感觉到单片机不再难学了，而且越学越起劲。当单片机乖乖的依照你的逻辑思维和算法去执行指令，实现预期控制效果的时候，成就感会让你信心十足、夜以续日、废寝忘食的投入到单片机的世界里。可以这么说，扎实的电子技术基础和C语言基础能增强学习单片机信心，较快掌握单片机技术。
单片机C语言编程理论知识并不深奥，光看书不动手也能明白。但在实际编程的时候就没那么简单了。一个程序的形成不仅需要有C语言知识，更多需要融入你个人的编程思路和算法。编程思路和算法决定一个程序的优劣，是单片机编程的大问题，只有在实际动手编写的时候才会有深切的感悟。一个程序能否按照你的意愿正常运行就要看你的思路和算法是否正确、合理。如果程序不正常则要反复调试(检查、修改思路和算法)，直到成功。这个过程耗时、费脑、疲精神，意志不坚强者往往被绊倒在这里半途而废。
学习编写程序应该按照以下过程学习，效果会更好。看到例程题目先试着构思自己的编程思路，然后再看教材或视频教程里的代码，研究人家的编程思路，注意与自己思路的差异；接下来就照搬人家的思路亲自动手编写这个程序，领会其中每一条语句的作用；对有疑问的地方试着按照自己的思路修改程序，比较程序运行效果，领会其中的奥妙。每一个例程都坚持按照这个过程学习，你很快会找到编程的感觉，取其精华去其糟粕，久而久之会形成你独特的编程思想。当然，刚开始，看别人的程序源代码就像看天书一样，只要硬着头皮看，看到不懂的关键字和语句就翻书查阅、对照。只要能坚持下来，学习收获会事半功倍。在实践过程中不仅要学会别人的例程，还要在别人的程序上改进和拓展，让程序产生更强大的功能。同时，还要懂得通过查阅芯片数据手册（DATASHEET）里有关芯片命令和数据的读写时序来核对别人例程的可靠性，如果你觉得例程不可靠就把它修改过来，成为是你自己的程序。不仅如此，自己应该经常找些项目来做，以巩固所学的知识和积累更多的经验。当编写自己的程序信手拈来、阅读别人的程序能够发现问题的时候，说明你的单片机编程水平相当不错了。接下来就应该研究硬件了。硬件设计包括电路原理设计和PCB板设计。学习做硬件要比学习做软件麻烦，成本更高，周期更长。但是，学习单片机的最终目的是做产品开发----软件和硬件相结合形成完整的控制系统。所以，做硬件也是学习单片机技术的一个必学内容。
电路原理设计涉及到各种芯片的应用，而这些芯片外围电路的设计、典型应用电路和与单片机的连接等在芯片数据手册（DATASHEET）都能找到答案，前提是要看得懂全英文的数据手册。否则，照搬别人的设计永远落在别人的后面，你做的产品就没有创意。电子技术领域的第一手资料（DATASHEET）都是英文，从第一手资料里你所获得的知识可能是在教科书、网络文档和课外读物等所没有的知识。虽然有些资料也都是在DATASHEET的基础上撰写的，但内容不全面，甚至存在翻译上的遗漏和错误。当然，阅读DATASHEET需要具备一定的英文阅读能力，这也是阻碍单片机学习者晋级的绊脚石。良好的英文阅读能力能让你在单片机技术知识的海洋里自由遨游。